- Create a supportive and positive environment
- Program for success by maintaining a match between task and student capabilities
- Develop meaningful learning outcomes
- Relate content to students; interests and their daily lives
- Use metaphors, anecdotes, stories, and examples to embellish understanding
Motivate Through Appropriate Expectations
- Communicate positive expectations
- Communicate challenging expectations
- Teach goal setting and help students link efforts to outcomes
Use Extrinsic Incentives for Students Who Require Them
- Praise sincere effort
- Reward good or improved performances
- Point out pragmatic values of learning
- Structure appropriate competitive activities
- Provide students with many opportunities to respond
- Provide immediate feedback to student responses
- Periodically use a game format
Recognize and Provide Intrinsic Motivation
- Teach self-management
- Involve students in planning selected instructional mastery
- Provide ample time for students to achieve mastery
- Give students choices in selecting activities or topics
- Allow students to complete products.
- Use fantasy or simulation activities
- Challenge students with higher order thinking activities
- Use cooperative learning and peer tutoring
- Discuss rationales for learning specific skills and content
- Induce students to develop their own motivation
- Encourage students to move from extrinsic to intrinsic motivators
- Use activities that arouse curiosity
Use Strategies to Promote Motivation
- Teach basic social skills
- Model interest in learning
- Project intensity
- Be enthusiastic about content and learning
- Be enthusiastic when presenting and interacting
- Use advance organizers to establish attending and importance
- Use explicit modeling to teach understanding
- Use a variety of independent learning activities
- Model metacognition through "think alouds" while problem solving
- Minimize anxiety during learning activities
- Monitor progress and adjust instruction accordingly
- Vary grouping arrangements
- Use culturally relevant materials and examples
- Use students' names, experiences, hobbies, and interests in lessons
- Use metaphors, anecdotes, stories, and examples to embellish understanding